![]() ![]() Under either name, it states that the pressure of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the kelvin scale when the volume is held constant. Because of this, the P– T relationship for gases is known as either Amontons’s law or Gay-Lussac’s law. Guillaume Amontons was the first to empirically establish the relationship between the pressure and the temperature of a gas (~1700), and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac determined the relationship more precisely (~1800). (Measurements cannot be made at lower temperatures because of the condensation of the gas.) When this line is extrapolated to lower pressures, it reaches a pressure of 0 at –273 ☌, which is 0 on the kelvin scale and the lowest possible temperature, called absolute zero. For a constant volume and amount of air, the pressure and temperature are directly proportional, provided the temperature is in kelvin. We will consider the key developments in individual relationships (for pedagogical reasons not quite in historical order), then put them together in the ideal gas law.įigure 3. Eventually, these individual laws were combined into a single equation-the ideal gas law-that relates gas quantities for gases and is quite accurate for low pressures and moderate temperatures. Although their measurements were not precise by today’s standards, they were able to determine the mathematical relationships between pairs of these variables (e.g., pressure and temperature, pressure and volume) that hold for an ideal gas-a hypothetical construct that real gases approximate under certain conditions. Use the ideal gas law, and related gas laws, to compute the values of various gas properties under specified conditionsĭuring the seventeenth and especially eighteenth centuries, driven both by a desire to understand nature and a quest to make balloons in which they could fly (Figure 1), a number of scientists established the relationships between the macroscopic physical properties of gases, that is, pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas.Identify the mathematical relationships between the various properties of gases.
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